The Origin of the Modern Calendar in Ancient Egypt

The way in which we divide the day into hours and minutes, as well as the structure and length of the yearly calendar, owes much to pioneering developments in ancient Egypt. Since Egyptian life and agriculture depended upon the annual flooding of the Nile, it was important to determine when such floods would begin. The early Egyptians noted that the beginning of akhet (inundation) occurred at the heliacal rising of a star they called Serpet (Sirius). It has been calculated that this sidereal year was only 12 minutes longer than the mean tropical year which influenced the flooding, and this produced a difference of only 25 days over the whole of Ancient Egypts recorded history. 3 Egyptian Calendars Ancient Egypt was run according to three different calendars. The first was a lunar calendar based on 12 lunar months, each of which began on the first day in which the old moon crescent was no longer visible in the East at dawn. (This is most unusual since other civilizations of that era are known to have started months with the first setting of the new crescent!) A thirteenth month was intercalated to maintain a link to the heliacal rising of Serpet. This calendar was used for religious festivals. The second calendar, used for administrative purposes, was based on the observation that there was usually 365 days between the heliacal rising of Serpet. This civil calendar was split into twelve months of 30 days with an additional five epagomenal days attached at the end of the year. These additional five days were considered to be unlucky. Although there is no firm archaeological evidence, a detailed back calculation suggests that the Egyptian civil calendar dates back to circa 2900 BCE. This 365-day calendar is also known as a wandering calendar, from the Latin name annus vagus since it slowly gets out of synchronization with the solar year. (Other wandering calendars include the Islamic year.) A third calendar, which dates back at least to the 4th century BCE was used to match the lunar cycle to the civil year. It was based on a period of 25 civil years which was approximately equal 309 lunar months. The Leap Year in Ancient Egypt An attempt to reform the calendar to include a leap year was made at the beginning of the Ptolemaic dynasty (Decree of Canopus, 239 BCE), but the priesthood was too conservative to allow such a change. This pre-dates the Julian reform of 46 BCE which Julius Caesar introduced on the advice of the Alexandrian astronomer Sosigenese. Reform did, however, come after the defeat of Cleopatra and Anthony by the Roman General (and soon to be Emperor) Augustus in 31 BCE. In the following year, the Roman senate decreed that the Egyptian calendar should include a leap year, although the actual change to the calendar didnt occur until 23 BCE. Months, Weeks, and Decades The months of the Egyptian civil calendar were further divided into three sections called decades, each of 10 days. The Egyptians noted that the heliacal rising of certain stars, such as Sirius and Orion, matched the first day of the 36 successive decades and called these stars decans. During any one night, a sequence of 12 decans would be seen to rise and was used to count the hours. (This division of the night sky, later adjusted to account for the epagomenal days, had close parallels to the Babylonian zodiac. The signs of the zodiac each accounting for three of the decans. This astrological device was exported to India and then to Medieval Europe via Islam.) Egyptian Clock Time Early man divided the day into temporal hours whose length depended upon the time of year. A summer hour, with the longer period of daylight, would be longer than that of a winter day. It was the Egyptians who first divided the day (and night) into 24 temporal hours. The Egyptians measured time during the day using shadow clocks, precursors to the more recognizable sun dials seen today. Records suggest that early shadow clocks were based on the shadow from a bar crossing four marks, representing hourly periods starting two hours into the day. At midday, when the sun was at its highest, the shadow clock would be reversed and hours counted down to dusk. An improved version using a rod (or gnomon) and which indicates the time according to the length and position of the shadow has survived from the second millennia BCE. Problems with observing the sun and stars may have been the reason the Egyptians invented the water clock, or clepsydra (meaning water thief in Greek). The earliest remaining example survives from the Temple of Karnak is dated to the 15th century BCE. Water drips through a small hole in one container to a lower one. Marks on either container can be used to give a record of hours passed. Some Egyptian clepsydras have several sets of marks to be used at different times of the year, to maintain consistency with the seasonal temporal hours. The design of the clepsydra was later adapted and improved by the Greeks. The Influence of Astronomy on Minutes and Hours As a result of the campaigns of Alexander the Great, a great wealth of knowledge of astronomy was exported from Babylon into India, Persia, the Mediterranean, and Egypt. The great city of Alexandria with its impressive Library, both founded by the Greek-Macedonian family of Ptolemy, served as an academic center. Temporal hours were of little use to astronomers, and around 127 CE Hipparchus of Nicea, working in the great city of Alexandria, proposed dividing the day into 24 equinoctial hours. These equinoctial hours, so called because they are based on the equal length of day and night at the equinox, split the day into equal periods. (Despite his conceptual advance, ordinary people continued to use temporal hours for well over a thousand years: the conversion to equinoctial hours in Europe was made when mechanical, weight driven clocks were developed in the 14th century.) The division of time was further refined by another Alexandrian based philosopher, Claudius Ptolemeus, who divided the equinoctial hour into 60 minutes, inspired by the scale of measurement used in ancient Babylon. Claudius Ptolemaeus also compiled a great catalog of over one thousand stars, in 48 constellations and recorded his concept that the universe revolved around the Earth. Following the collapse of the Roman Empire, it was translated into Arabic (in 827 CE) and later into Latin (in the 12th century CE). These star tables provided the astronomical data used by Gregory XIII for his reform of the Julian calendar in 1582. Sources Richards, EG. Mapping Time: The Calendar and its History. Oxford University Press, 1998.General History of Africa II: Ancient Civilizations of Africa. James Curry Ltd., University of California Press, and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 1990.

Human Trafficking The New Era Of Slavery - 947 Words

Texas Human Trafficking Overview Human trafficking is the new era of slavery! Human trafficking is a horrifying issue happening so close to home and it is increasing by the minute. Many Texas citizens are unaware of human trafficking happening right in their own backyards. Sex trafficking and labor trafficking are to be the most popular types of human trafficking in the United States. In Texas there are many more domestic victims than illegal immigrant victims of Human Trafficking. However, the Lone Star state has been and continues to be a leader in the opposition movement and this legislation is the first of its kind in the United States. Human trafficking is a form of modern slavery that happens in every state, including Texas. Human trafficking happens more in Texas because of its close vicinity to the United States-Mexican border. Texas borders are one of the most crossed international borders in the world. Many illegal aliens including children are kidnapped and forced into sex and labor trafficking stemming throughout the Texas-Mexico border. However, in the Lone Star state the majority of the victims identified are actually its own citizens. The most popular types of human trafficking in Texas are sex trafficking and labor trafficking. Sex trafficking consists of victims under eighteen years old, who are exploited for commercial sex. Furthermore, the victims are forced to perform acts such as, prostitution, pornography, stripping, live-sex shows, mail-orderShow MoreRelatedThe Depravity Of Humanity : Global Human Trafficking1257 Words   |  6 PagesHumanity â€Å"Global human trafficking is big business† (Gale, Cengage Learning). This quote in of itself warrants a deep seated fear and revulsion. But it is also true. Human trafficking is not exactly a new thing; it is as old as humanity itself. 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For example, The Greeks preferred having slave women and children for domestic servitude. Similarly, the romans and Egyptians used slave as a means of internatment in gladiator fights and build major cities infrastructures. In the past, war was primarily used as a means of gaining slaves. However, some people sold their children in to slavery while othersRead MoreIs Christopher Columbus A Good Man?990 Words   |  4 PagesChristopher Columbus, the Pilgrims, Slavery, the Civil War, the Progressives, the Gilded Age, World War II, the Cold War and The Vietnam War. With each topic we each would talk about what we thought about the topic before discussing it as a whole. For example what we thought of when we heard the word Native American or Indian. Before this class my thought about some of the topics was that Christopher Columbus was a good man that had founded America and that the Progressive era and Gilded Age were a goodRead MoreCambodia: A Place of Countless Struggles1545 Words   |  6 Pageseducation, abuse, and sexual trafficking consume most of Cambodia, and the government continues to let these issues flourish. One of the most prominent problems Cambodia battles with is the sex industry, with prostitution and trafficking rates skyrocketing. According to recent human trafficking statistics, an immense amount of victims are sexually trafficked and exploited in Cambodia each year, but 80% of victims are young women and girls (Bertone). While sex trafficking affects nearly every countryRead MoreCriminals And Their Crimes By Mark Jones164 0 Words   |  7 Pageseach lesson with an excerpt of the scriptural reference for the crime being discussed and then gives a short biography of the principle characters before discussing the legal, social, and political definition/context of the crime during the particular era that it took place. Then he goes a step farther by writing about the same crime viewed through today’s modern, legal, social, and political lens, ending each chapter with a lesson that can be learned by the reader. The word â€Å"criminals â€Å" is used loosely

Forrest Gump Chapter Sixteen Free Essays

Chapter Sixteen After they done finished cookin big Sam’s tribe, an shrinkin they heads, the pygmies slung us between long poles an carried us off like pigs into the jungle. â€Å"What do you spose they intend to do with us?† Major Fritch call out to me. â€Å"I don’t know, an I don’t give a shit,† I call back, an that were about the truth. We will write a custom essay sample on Forrest Gump Chapter Sixteen or any similar topic only for you Order Now I’m tired of all this crappola. A man can take jus so much. Anyhow, after about a day or so we come to the village of the pygmies, an as you might expec, they has got a bunch of little tiny huts in a clearin in the jungle. They truck us up to a hut in the center of the clearin where there is a bunch of pygmies standin aroun – an one little ole feller with a long white beard an no teeth settin up in a high chair like a baby. I figger him to be the king of the pygmies. They tumped us out onto the groun an untied us, an we stood up an dusted ourselfs off an the king of the pygmies commence jabberin some gibberish an then he get down from his chair an go straight up to Sue an kick him in the balls. â€Å"How come he done that?† I axed Grurck, who had learnt to speak some English wile he was livin with Major Fritch. â€Å"Him want to know if ape is boy or girl,† Grurck say. I figger there must be a nicer way to find that out, but I ain’t sayin nothin. Then the king, he come up to me an start talkin some of that gibberish – pygmalion, or whatever it is – an I’m preparing to get kicked in the balls too, but Grurck say, â€Å"Him want to know why you livin with them awful cannibals.† â€Å"Tell him it weren’t exactly our idea,† Major Fritch pipe up an say. â€Å"I got a idea,† I says. â€Å"Tell him we is American musicians.† Grurck say this to the king an he be peerin at us real hard, an then he axe Grurck somethin. â€Å"What’s he say?† Major Fritch want to know. â€Å"Him axe what the ape plays,† say Grurck. â€Å"Tell him the ape plays the spears,† I say, an Grurck do that, an then the king of the pygmies announce he want to hear us perform. I get out my harmonica an start playin a little tune – â€Å"De Camptown Races.† King of the pygmies listen for a minute, then he start clappin his hans an doin what look to be a clog dance. After I’m finished, he say he wants to know what Major Fritch an Grurck plays, an I tell Grurck to say Major Fritch plays the knives an that Grurck don’t play nothin – he is the manager. King of the pygmies look sort of puzzled an say he ain’t never heard of anybody playin knives or spears before, but he tell his men to give Sue some spears an Major Fritch some knives an let’s see what sort of music we come up with. Soon as we get the spears an knives, I say, â€Å"Okay – now!† an ole Sue conk the king of the pygmies over the head with his spear an Major Fritch threatened a couple of pygmies with her knives an we run off into the jungle with the pygmies in hot pursuit. The pygmies be thowin all sorts of rocks an shit at us from behin, an shootin they bows an arrows an darts from blowguns an such. Suddenly we come out on the bank of a river an ain’t no place to go, an the pygmies are catchin up fast. We is bout to jump into the river an swim for it, when suddenly from the opposite side of the river a rifle shot ring out. The pygmies are right on top of us, but another rifle shot ring out an they turn tail an run back into the jungle. We be lookin across the river an lo an behole on the other bank they is a couple of fellers wearin bush jackets an them white pith helmets like you used to see in Ramar of the Jungle. They step into a canoe an be paddlin towards us, an as they get closer, I seen one of them is got NASA stamped on his pith helmet. We is finally rescued. When the canoe reach our shore, the guy with NASA stamped on his helmet get out an come up to us. He go right up to ole Sue an stick out his han an say, â€Å"Mister Gump, I presume?† â€Å"Where the fuck has you assholes been?† hollared Major Fritch. â€Å"We been stranded in the jungle nearly four goddamn years!† â€Å"Sorry bout that, ma’am,† the feller say, â€Å"but we has got our priorities, too, you know.† Anyway, we is at last saved from a fate worse than death, an they loaded us up in the canoe an started paddlin us downriver. One of the fellers say, â€Å"Well folks, civilization is just aroun the corner. I reckon you’ll all be able to sell your stories to a magazine an make a fortune.† â€Å"Stop the canoe!† Major Fritch suddenly call out. The fellers look at one another, but they paddle the canoe over to the bank. â€Å"I have made a decision,† Major Fritch say. â€Å"For the first time in my life, I have found a man that truly understands me, an I am not going to let him go. For nearly four years, Grurck an I have lived happily in this land, an I have decided to stay here with him. We will go off in the jungle an make a new life for ourselfs, an raise a family an live happily ever after.† â€Å"But this man is a cannibal,† one of the fellers say. â€Å"Eat your heart out, buster,† says Major Fritch, an she an Grurck get out of the canoe an start back into the jungle again, han in han. Jus before they disappeared, Major Fritch turn aroun an give Sue an me a little wave, an then off they go. I looked back to the end of the canoe, an ole Sue is settin there twistin his fingers. â€Å"Wait a minute,† I says to the fellers. I go back an set down on the seat nex to Sue an say, â€Å"What you thinkin bout?† Sue ain’t sayin nothin, but they is a little bitty tear in his eye, an I knowed then what was bout to happen. He grapped me aroun the shoulders in a big hug, an then leaped out of the boat an ran up a tree on the shore. Last we seen of him, he is swingin away thru the jungle on a vine. The feller from NASA be shakin his head. â€Å"Well, what about you, numbnuts? You gonna follow your friends there into Bonzoland?† I looked after them for a minute, then I said, â€Å"Uh, uh,† an set back down in the canoe. Wile they was paddlin us away, don’t you believe I didn’t think bout it for a moment. But I jus couldn’t do it. I reckon I got other weenies to roast. They flown me back to America an tole me on the way how there was to be a big welcome home reception for me, but seems like I have heard that before. Sure enough tho, soon as we landed in Washington bout a million people was on han, cheerin an clappin an actin like they is glad to see me. They drove me into town in the back seat of a big ole black car an said they was takin me to the White House to see the President. Yep, I been there before too. Well, when we get to the White House, I’m expectin to see the same ole President what fed me breakfast an let me watch â€Å"The Beverly Hillbillies,† but they is got a new President now – feller with his hair all slicked back, puffy little cheeks an a nose look like Pinocchio’s. â€Å"Tell me now,† this President say, â€Å"did you have an exciting trip?† A feller in a suit standin next to the President lean over an whisper somethin to him, an suddenly the President say, â€Å"Oh, ah, accually what I meant was, how great it is that you have escaped from your ordeal in the jungle.† The feller in the suit whisper somethin else to the President, an he say to me, â€Å"Er, now what about your companion?† â€Å"Sue?† I say. â€Å"Was that her name?† Now he be lookin at a little card in his han. â€Å"Says here it was a Major Janet Fritch, and that even as you were being rescued she was dragged off into the jungle by a cannibal.† â€Å"Where it say that?† I axed. â€Å"Right here,† the President say. â€Å"That’s not so,† I says. â€Å"Are you suggesting I am a liar?† say the President. â€Å"I’m jus sayin it ain’t so,† I says. â€Å"Now look here,† say the President, â€Å"I am your commander in chief. I am not a crook. I do not lie!† â€Å"I am very sorry,† I says, â€Å"but it ain’t the truth bout Major Fritch. You jus take that off a card, but – â€Å" â€Å"Tape!† the President shout. â€Å"Huh?† I says. â€Å"No, no,† says the feller in the suit. â€Å"He said ‘take’?Cnot ‘tape’ – Mister President.† â€Å"TAPE!† scream the President. â€Å"I told you never to mention that word in my presence again! You are all a bunch of disloyal Communist swines.† The President be poundin hissef on the knee with his fist. â€Å"None of you understand. I don’t know anything bout anything! I never heard of anything! And if I did, I either forgot it, or it is top secret!† â€Å"But Mister President,† say the feller in the suit, â€Å"he didn’t say it. He only said – â€Å" â€Å"Now you are calling me a liar!† he say. â€Å"You’re fired!† â€Å"But you can’t fire me,† the feller say. â€Å"I am the Vice President.† â€Å"Well, pardon me for saying so,† says the President, â€Å"but you are never going to make President if you go aroun calling your commander in chief a liar.† â€Å"No, I guess you’re right,† say the Vice President. â€Å"I beg your pardon.† â€Å"No, I beg yours,† the President say. â€Å"Whatever,† say the Vice President, kinda fiddlin with hissef. â€Å"If you will all excuse me now, I have to go pee.† â€Å"That’s the first sensible idea I have heard all day,† say the President. Then he turn to me an axe, â€Å"Say, aren’t you the same fellow that played ping-pong and saved the life of old Chairman Mao?† I says, â€Å"Yup,† an the President say, â€Å"Well what did you want to do a thing like that for?† An I says, â€Å"Cause he was drownin,† an the President say, â€Å"You should have held him under, instead of saving him. Anyway, it’s history now, because the son of a bitch died while you were away in the jungle.† â€Å"You got a tv set?† I axed. The President look at me kind of funny. â€Å"Yeah, I have one, but I don’t watch it much these days. Too much bad news.† â€Å"You ever watch ‘The Beverly Hillbillies’?† I say. â€Å"It’s not on yet,† he say. â€Å"What is?† I axed. † ‘To Tell the Truth’ – but you don’t want to look at that – it’s a bunch of shit.† Then he say, â€Å"Look here, I have a meeting to go to, why don’t I walk you to the door?† When we get outside on the porch, an the President say in a very low voice, â€Å"Listen, you want to buy a watch?† I say, â€Å"Huh?† an he step over close to me an shove up the sleeve on his suit an lo an behole he must of had twenty or thirty wristwatches aroun his arm. â€Å"I ain’t got no money,† I says. The President, he roll down his sleeve an pat me on the back. â€Å"Well, you come back when you do and we’ll work something out, okay?† He shook my han an a bunch of photographers come up an start takin our picher an then I’m gone. But I’ll say this, that President seem like a nice feller after all. Anyhow, I’m wonderin what they gonna do with me now, but I don’t have to wonder long. It took bout a day or so for things to quiet down, an they had put me up in a hotel, but then a couple of fellers come in one afternoon an say, â€Å"Listen here, Gump, the free ride’s over. The government ain’t payin for none of this anymore – you’re on your own now.† â€Å"Well, okay,† I say, â€Å"but how bout givin me a little travelin money to get home on. I’m kinda light right now.† â€Å"Forget it, Gump,† they say. â€Å"You is lucky not to be in jail for conkin the Clerk of the Senate on the head with that medal. We done you a favor to get you off that rap – but we is washin our hans of your ass as of right now.† So I had to leave the hotel. Since I ain’t got no things to pack, it wadn’t hard, an I just went out on the street. I walked a wile, down past the White House where the President live, an to my suprise they is a whole bunch of people out front got on rubber masks of the President’s face an they is carryin some kind of signs. I figger he must be pleased to be so popular with everbody. How to cite Forrest Gump Chapter Sixteen, Essay examples

The Four Systems of the Bioecological Model of Human free essay sample

The Four Systems of the Bioecological Model of Human Development SOC 312 Instructor: Stacey Rose The Four Systems of the Bioecological Model of Human Development | | For many, the idea that biology and genetics influence human development is not a foreign concept; however it has become increasingly accepted that ecological systems also play and intricate role in this development. Ecological systems primarily focus on the interpersonal relationships one has with their environment. A child’s environment tremendously impacts how they learn, how they develop intellectually, cognitively, emotionally, and what their morals and values become. The bioecological model of human development that Urie Bronfenbrenner developed gives light to the fundamental impact that social interactions and environment have in human development. He describes four distinct systems that are the most influential: microsystems, mesosystems, exosystems, and macrosystems. Bronfenbrenner’s theory proposes that the four types of environments all simultaneously influence an individual. He suggests that people cannot fully understand human development without considering how a person is influenced through each of these systems (Zaden, 2007). These environments create the continuity of change that extends throughout the course of a lifetime and the residual effects carry through the generations to come (Bronfenbrenner and Morris, 2007). The developing person’s interactions between their microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem unveil the person they will become. The first system that influences development is the microsystem. The microsystem refers to the interaction and relationship that the individual has with significant figures in their life such as, family, peers, school, and the community (Berns, 2010). This system’s interactions are in a close setting of their immediate environment and would be considered the most influential system of the developing human. The microsystem is the most influential system because the child has direct interaction with these individuals; that interaction occurs on a consistent basis over an extended period of time (Brofenbrenner, 2004). Family is the most significant relationship of the microsystem; they play an intricate part in the ecological human development. The most time is spent at home with the family; they provide shelter and safety, and also provide emotional support for the child. The parent for example, interacts with the child on a daily basis, they provide a safe and healthy relationship and an environment for them to grow and prosper. The way the parent plays with the child, teaches them, and communicates with them has a lot of influence on their development. The parenting style a child receives paves the way in their ability to communicate with others, their self-esteem, and the attitude and behaviors they exude. The main parenting styles are authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and non-involved. The authoritarian parent is strict and demanding; this creates a child that grows up to behave withdrawn, fearful, and distrustful of others. On the opposite end of the spectrum is the permissive parent. The child raised in a permissive household is more likely to be aggressive, impulsive, and have little self-reliance. The healthy balance between the two styles is the authoritative parent who raises a content, cooperative, and self-reliant child (Berns, 2010). The parent gives the child the ability to create secure attachments with others and to have a healthy and positive disposition. The emotional connectivity of this relationship is a direct reflection of a child’s ability to connect and communicate with all other systems. Parenting styles are not the only ways that family can influence development; family structure also has a great impact. The nuclear family consists of a mom, a dad, and the children, but not all households are structured this way. Divorce is an unfortunate reality in this day and age and the adaptation plays a large role for the child. Not only does the child not get to live in a household that has both parents which provides a healthy surrounding and assures the child of love, but they may have to listen to the consequences of how each parent deals with the divorce itself. Counseling, mediation, custody battles, and fighting are all situations that the child may be surrounded by. The financial consequences will affect the family and the child would not live in the same lifestyle as they would if both parents were together because the income would be cut in half. Peers, community, and schools also affect the child. The peer groups help the child gain independence and discover their sense of self. Negative experiences with peers such as bullying can hurt the child’s self-esteem, affect how they interact with their others, and their ability to communicate and socialize with their peers with ease. School is another very important relationship. This gives the child a chance to learn the fundamentals needed as an adult and to help them develop different skills and appropriate behavior. Every child learns differently; they may be an auditory, visual, spatial, or kinesthetic learner. It is the teacher and school’s responsibility to discover this and take the best course of action to implement and teaching style that works best for the child. The second system that influences development is the mesosystem. Mesosystems may be described a links in a chain. They consist of linkages and interrelationships that exist between two or more of the individual’s microsystems. These interrelationships involve a variety of settings that the child is immersed in; the influences that â€Å"bind us together† (Feldman, 2008). Examples of this system may be the linkage between family and peers, family and school, school and community, and so on. Schooling is the perfect example of the mesosystems linkage between family and school. The more involved the parent is with the child’s school, increases the likelihood of that child excelling in school, receiving higher grades, and attending college in the future. The involvement that the family has with the child’s learning before they enter school creates a positive attitude towards their future learning. When it comes to the child’s relationship with school, the more perceptive that the family and teachers are in their learning with affect their educational experience. They will learn how to complete tasks, problem solve, and understand rewards and consequences. There is also an important linkage between school and the community. Higher funded schools have more resources available to students; these resources extend the learning process. More books, informative television programs and movies, supplies, crafts, and the ability to go on field trips may provide a more stimulating environment and positive outlook on a child’s involvement and learning at school. Community support and donations can help increase learning in the classroom. The exosystem is the third system of Bronfenbrenner’s theory of human development. These influences are indirect; the child itself is not an active participant, however it does have an impact on an active member of their microsystem. This may consist of the parent’s career or financial situation, political systems, social support networks, etcetera. As stated above, exosystems have an indirect affect on the child through career, their socioeconomic status, or the government. A parent’s socioeconomic status affects the child because they may not have the means to purchase educational materials or live in a nice home, if they have a home at all. Children born into poverty statistically have lower self-esteem, are less likely to excel in school or are more likely to drop out, and they are more susceptible to violence and crime. A parent’s job may also influence a child indirectly. A parent that has to travel a lot for work or stay late hours must place their child in non-parental child care. Different forms of this non-parental care will affect that child differently. There are child care centers, family day cares, and in-home care of a nanny that may be used to watch over the children. The accreditations are different for each type, and there are different programs, such as health, nutrition, and learning programs. Although there are many different options that the family has when they do not have the ability to stay at home with the child, but it is still no substitute for being cared for by their parent. Although sometimes a parent has no choice but to place their child in a day care program, there can be some developmental consequences to this. The child will be able to socialize with peers more easily, but they tend to be less cooperative and unresponsive with adults. The longer the child stays in non-parental care, the more likely they are to develop insecure attachments, are at risk for problems with emotions and in behavior. They are also more likely to be aggressive and defiant. The final system involved is the macrosystem. This system is societal and has a larger context involved in culture. This type of system influences the developing child in a much broader context; the beliefs of the family and their lifestyle, education, religion, and mass media. What society places as the social norms, expected roles, and what a relationship is supposed to look like. Macrosystem influences come from cultural views in society. Views of roles, such as gender roles, have a set of associated behaviors that are expected in that individual. A boy must be a strong provider and shouldn’t cry, or a girl should be a nurturer and domesticated are examples of these gender roles inflicted on society. Different values and lifestyle are also a large influence to that child. Believing in the necessity of owning a large home, having expensive cars, or that as adults, they need to be married with a white picket fence and 2. children. Morals and values stem from the family’s beliefs and religious law; although sometimes the religious laws coincide with federal. Religions such as Catholicism, Lutheranism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Atheism, are all extremely different from one another and go along a different belief system with different sets of values which influence the individual. Children that grow up believing in some form of Christianity may have di fferent values than a child that grew up in an Atheist household. Mass media and culture are intertwined, but the influence of media is widespread and comes in a variety of forms; screen media, print media, audio media, and interactive media. Media influences â€Å"value, beliefs, attitudes, and behavior† explains Berns (2010, pg 321). At least one form of media can be found basically anywhere and is used to communicate and spread information to a large group of people simultaneously. Screen media that comes in television form spreads so quickly and easily influences young and impressionable minds. In some respects the exposure can be a good thing; it is mentally stimulating, can be educational and useful in a classroom to help students understand information in a different way. Programs for younger children such as â€Å"Dora the Explorer† and â€Å"Blues Clues† are a great way to teach young children colors, numbers, mathematics, and linguistics. Unfortunately there are downsides to this. Not all programs are suitable for young children; they may contain graphic violence, foul language, and sexually explicit material that is inappropriate for this age group. This information can ingrain the idea of what life â€Å"should† be like or how the child â€Å"should† behave, this sets up negative associations and roles. Violent and graphic material could result in negative behaviors such as aggression or bullying others, it may also cause the child’s imagination to run wild which may be scary, exciting, or intimidating for the child. Too much time in front of the television, or focused on any type of media really, can take away from time spent with the family and engaging in family activities, or it can also affect physical activity. Print media is found in books, newspapers, magazines, and articles. Print media is beneficial because it enhances language and reading skills, it helps with comprehension, and overall cognitive development. Children may understand the sense of who they are because of all the stories and tales they read. A downside to this is that the child may confuse negative actions and material with reality and fantasy. Just as with screen media, print, audio, and interactive media instill the ideas behind different stereotypes; this can be a major concern for problems in the future and self-esteem. Overall between all forms of media there are positives and negatives. They increase cognitive functioning and development, but children are impressionable and graphically violent and sexually explicit material is not good for young children and should be monitored by the parent. It is now apparent that ecological systems affect development. Urie Bronfenbrenner was correct in his theory of the bioecological model of human development. There is significant data to show how influential the four systems influence a child. The microsystem consists of close intimate relationships of those in direct contact with the child; they are involved on a consistent basis and appear to be the most influential relationship. Family, peers, school, and the community are all examples of a microsystem. They all have a large impact on the child’s socialization skills. Because a child spends so much time with their parents, this is the foundation for success. Teaching their children early what behaviors are acceptable or not, having a comforting and balanced parenting style will really help the child be cooperative, self-reliant, and content. Placing a strong focus on the importance of academics will help the child to succeed in school, also choosing the correct school to help the student learning in an environment suitable for their needs. Peers have a massive impact on the child’s communication and interaction with others so it’s important that the parent keep positive influences around that child. The microsystem is the primary system of influence so keeping secure, positive, healthy relationships will help the child’s development as they begin to feel the effects of the other systems. Like the links in a chain, the mesosystem combines the importance of the impact that the microsystems have on each other. Just as school and family influence a child, the relationships between the two systems also have a direct impact on the child. This does not only consist of the two relationships, but all relationships in the microsystem. The indirect affect of the exosystem, such as the stressors of a parent’s career, will have its own impact. Long hours at the job can result in the child being enrolled in some sort of non-parental child care. The type of care provided could benefit the child in their education and learning skills, but may also have a negative impact on their emotional comfort and attachment caused by the lack of the parent being around. Finally, the macrosystem is the combination of culture, religion, mass media, and other influences that are widespread. Mass media has many benefits to the child’s development. Media is mentally stimulating, it can increase imagination, and teach the child different skills such as language, communication, mathematics, colors, and other skills. Parents do need to monitor the media that a child does interact with. The graphic violence and sexually explicit material can be damaging for young and influential minds. They can create different stereotypes that can affect the way the child socializing with others, or their sense of self. The more time spent around different forms of media can take away from the quality time spent with the family, and can decrease the amount of physical activity for the child. Overall, the four different systems involved in Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model of human development massively impact the socialization and cognitive development of a child. References Berns, R. M. (2010).

Horizontal Inequalities, Political Environment and Civil Conflict Evidence from 55 Developing Countries

The article, â€Å"Horizontal Inequalities, Political Environment and Civil Conflict: Evidence from 55 Developing Countries†, analyzes the relationship between socioeconomic and political factors in the context of civil unrest and segregation of minority groups. The author evaluates the tendency of conflicts at ethnic, religious and regional levels due to the effect of factors such as the type of regime and political alienation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Horizontal Inequalities, Political Environment and Civil Conflict: Evidence from 55 Developing Countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The author establishes greater tendency of unrest and conflicts in regional groups compared to ethnic and religious groups by sampling populations from 55 developing countries. The author focuses on aspects of horizontal inequality because it does not arise from inherent inequality such as intelligence, but is rath er a form of forced inequality on diverse subcultures. Collection of the samples entails calculation of welfare inequalities between different identify groups and analyses of key socioeconomic indicators such as educational levels and household assets. The article identifies a relationship between different systems of governance at the regional level and tendencies of conflict because of horizontal inequalities, which the author identifies to be stronger in democratic and semi-democratic systems than in autocratic systems. While the creation of democratic systems does not necessarily translate into the occurrence of conflicts, the aspect of inclusiveness and freedom in such systems encourages protests because democratic systems facilitate proportional representation of diverse groups. In this regard, marginalized groups have the opportunity and means to mobilize and protest against socioeconomic inequalities and seek address of low economic development in their region (Østby 19). On the other hand, the structure of autocratic systems limits the chances of disadvantaged groups to mobilize for protest because of the lack of all-inclusive systems, which eliminate the channels through which groups can express their grievances and allows a greater extent of state repression compared to democratic systems. The author evaluates the impacts of different forms of institutional structuring on the political process in a country and discusses the importance of inclusiveness in key government institutions. An analysis of countries with great levels of socioeconomic inequality and alienation of ethnic, religious and regional groups indicates that sustenance of peace requires the creation of all-inclusive institutions, which minimize grievances and sentiments among groups (Østby 10). The article describes the eruption of wars and conflicts in most countries as an outcome of grievances that have remained unattended to for a long time causing the affected groups to mobil ize for war. The analysis of horizontal inequalities and civil conflict indicates that economic inequality cannot lead to political unrest in itself, but requires the catalyst of an environment in which people can organize themselves into groups and start a rebellion. Expression of frustrations and grievances among individuals due to socioeconomic factors such as poverty requires the existence of systems and institutions that allow the group aspect of human beings to thrive.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The author concludes by emphasizing on the role of inequality in the occurrence of conflicts and contrasts numerous assertions that describe inequality as being immaterial in cases of civil unrest. Furthermore, the author encourages the need for processes of conflict resolution to consider aspects of regional inequality and political alienation of minority because of their significant role in civil conflicts. Sustenance of peace requires the establishment of political systems and institutions that ensure inclusiveness of minority groups in proportionate measures. By creating programs to address socioeconomic inequality, political regimes can significantly reduce cases of civil unrest and conflict. Work Cited Østby, Gudrun. Horizontal inequalities, political environment, and civil conflict: evidence  from 55 developing countries, 1986-2003. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, Development Research Group, Growth and Macroeconomics Team, 2007. Print. This essay on Horizontal Inequalities, Political Environment and Civil Conflict: Evidence from 55 Developing Countries was written and submitted by user Madison Sargent to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Cxc syllabus glossary- this is a guide to the main word Essays

Cxc syllabus glossary- this is a guide to the main word Essays Cxc syllabus glossary- this is a guide to the main word Essay Cxc syllabus glossary- this is a guide to the main word Essay A type of memory chip that can be erased by removing it from the circuit and exposing it to Expert system A software package that acts as a consultant or expert to the user. It is expert in a specialized application or area and provides assistance to the user in solving problems in that area. Feasibility study In-depth study of an application area for the purpose of establishing whether automation would be cost effective. In general, the expected benefits should exceed the combined cost of installing the computer and developing the system. Field (1) A section off record containing data relating to one attribute of an entity. 2) Part of a machine instruction containing an operation or address. Floppy disk A flexible magnetic coated disk, commonly used with microcomputers, on which data can be stored magnetically. Font A family or collection of characters (letters, EX. 30/G/SLYLY 08 49 and special characters) of a particular size and style. Fourth generation A computer programming lang uage which allows the program to specify language (GEL)what is to be achieved rather than how it is to be achieved. For example, database languages. Half duplex A transmission system that allows data to be transmitted in one direction at a time. That is the system can transmit and receive data but not at the same time. Hard disk Hardware Home page HTML HTTP A rigid disk used for storing data magnetically. Its rigid construction allows for higher storage densities. Access times for a hard disk are much faster than for floppy disks. The physical components of a computer system such as the Central Processing Unit (CUP]), memory, input, output, and storage devices. The file available for access at a web site intended chiefly to greet visitors, provide information about the site, and direct them to other sites with related information. Hyper Text Markup Language. A markup language used to structure text and multimedia documents used extensively on the World Wide Web. Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. A protocol used to request and transmit files, especially Web pages and Web page components, over the Internet or other computer network. DID interface is an interface for mass storage devices, in which the controller is integrated into the disk or CD-ROOM drive. Immediate access storage The memory within the central processor. Also referred to as internal use or main store. Indiscriminating secondary file which contains pointers to items in an associated database file and allows rapid location of records in the file. Information Meaningful knowledge produced from raw data files. Information retrieval The process of retrieving specific information from data files. Integrated package This package combines several applications in a suite of programs. Most EX. 30/G/SLYLY 08 50 of these packages combine a word processor; spreadsheet and database program. Data are shared easily between these integrated programs. Internet The Internet is the largest computer network system in the world. It consists of many smaller networks connected together by a global public network. The Internet is often called the information superhighway or cyberspace. Intranet An intranet is a private network that belongs to an organization, and is designed authorization When part of an intranet is made accessible to customers, partners, suppliers, or others outside the company, that part is called an extranet. Interpreter A computer program which interactively translates and executes a source program without permanently storing any executable code. Invoke Process of starting up a program by using its name (or selecting its icon). Joystick An input device that uses a lever to control movement of the cursor or graphic images. Justification This is the adjustment of alignment of one or more lines of text with a particular margin, for example, alignment with the left margin, the right margin or both. The term Justification often is used to refer to full justification of the alignment of text along both margins. Keyboarding The process of rapidly and accurately entering data into a computer the keyboard as an input device. Key-to-disk Keyboard entry of data directly to magnetic disk without previous preparation on another medium. Kilobyte One thousand and Twenty-four bytes. LANA Acronym for Local Area Network. A type of computer network where two or more computers are directly linked within a small area such as a room or building site. A common characteristic of this system is that computers are linked by direct cables rather than by telecommunication lines. The presence or absence of light. It is used to select an entry or indicate a position. Magnetic disk A Mylar (floppy disk) or metallic (hard disk) circular plate on which EX. 30/G/SLYLY 08 51 electronic data can be stored magnetically. Suitable for direct or random access data storage and retrieval. Mail-merge A facility found in full fledged Wordinesss programs that draws information from a database, usually a mailing list, to print multiple copies of a document. Each copy contains some common text but each bearing different addresses. Main-memory See immediate access storage. Mainframe A large-scale computer with a variety of peripheral devices, a large amount of backing store and a fast CUP]. The term is often used in comparison with a smaller or subordinate computer. It should be noted

Tommy hilfiger casestudy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tommy hilfiger casestudy - Coursework Example The CEO at Hilfiger shifted the bulk of design output to the European headquarters and this led to an overall price hike. For one thing, the costs of production in Europe are higher. Operational and distribution costs are also very high in Europe compared to the United States based on the different retail and wholesale systems. In the U.S., mid to high tier department stores are utilized to stock the merchandise and reach the customers. Due to the â€Å"mall† culture of United States, this strategy worked very well and at lower distribution costs the company could easily reach its target market. In contrast, the retail culture in Europe is very â€Å"small boutique†, where shoppers go to small, exclusive shops to buy clothing rather than bigger departmental chains. These chains, such as Galeries Lafayette in France, are costly distribution options. As a result, the associated costs spiked. To compete with European brands that are tagged at higher prices (up around $50 o n average on a single T-shirt, for example) Hilfiger merchandise was priced higher in Europe to make them competitive. Lastly, to convey the message of premium quality and compete with higher end European brands such as LV, Prada and Gucci, the company positioned the product in the top tier category and had to mark prices accordingly. In branding, the Law of Quality described by Al and Laura Ries (2009) shows that the higher the price of a brand, the greater the perception of quality. This law was seen in practice in the European Hilfiger market. The company has been able to establish a European customer base and market presence. As a result, the European market accounts for 40% of the total sales of the company. The American market has suffered due to lower pricing strategy and inability to compete on the fronts that the Hilfiger brand was traditionally known for. Competing on different price levels in different regions does not have as big an impact if the two are compared; howeve r, as standalone businesses, the European region has benefitted and North American region has suffered. 2. Hilfiger’s CEO would like to harmonise the European and U.S. collections by having Hilfiger move more upmarket in the US. What problems might the company face in doing this? What might it do to make this strategy successful? Building on the tested idea that higher prices are equated with higher quality, associations that the Hilfiger brand strives for, the company intended to move more up-market in the U.S. The major problems that might result from this strategy are mentioned below: Changes might hurt the overall brand. Branding is achieved through a consistent face of the company and its products. With standard designs in collections, it would be damaging in the long run for a brand to have a changed strategy and pricing policy in Europe and US. Resistance from the traditional buyer of Hilfiger. The traditional buyer comes to Hilfiger expecting the All-American, classic casual wear that is affordable. A higher price tag will disillusion the buyer, making him think the brand he loves to wear has changed and is not what he has always wanted. This will result in lost sales for the company. Lose the essence that made it famous. A higher price tag will demand a change in the design strategy also because charging a premium for the standard material and design will confuse the buyer. For example, when the company changed the logo design, a Hilfiger trademark, the company faced lower

Investment and Fund Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Investment and Fund Management - Essay Example The current difficulty that the members of Fortunes are facing now is regarding the portfolio of pension provision. According to the current provisions, the members will be paid lump sum based upon individual contributions. But a careful analysis of the pension fund portfolio reveals that it was built up in an undisciplined manner. Hence, the current portfolio is considered inappropriate since the global markets are facing downturns. The objective of the study is to carefully analyse the current portfolio and recommend suitable adjustments so that Fortunes Inc. can meets its pension provision in the coming years. Analysis of Current Portfolio Tottenham Hotspur Fortunes Inc. has bought 2000 ordinary shares of Tottenham Hotspur plc which was founded in 1882 and it owns Tottenham Hotspur FC. It falls under entertainment sector. The total revenue of the company at the end of 2011 was ?261.90 million. The company has experienced a growth rate of over 45% during one year. BAE Systems BAE s ystems plc is multinational British defence aerospace and Security Company. It is the world’s largest defence contractor and third biggest in terms of revenue. It falls under aviation sector. The total revenue at the end of 2012 was ?17.84 billion with net profit over ?1billion. Tesco Tesco plc is a multinational British general merchandise and grocery retailer and is the third largest retailer in the world. It falls under consumer goods sector. The total revenue of the company for the year ending 2012 was over ?65.5 billion with net profit over ?3.9 billion. Whitbread Whitbread plc operates in hotels and restaurant business. As of 2012, the company has over 619 hotels and over 385 restaurants. The total revenue of the company for the year ending 2012 was GBP 1.9 billion with a net profit of GBP 281 million. Barclays Bank Barclays plc is a leading banking and financial services providing multinational company which is headquartered in London, UK. It is public limited company and is traded as BARC on the London Stock Exchange (LSE). It falls under banking and financial services sector. For the year ending 2012, the company reported total revenue over ?24 billion with bottom line about ?235 million. The company specialises in Investment banking, corporate banking and Wealth banking. Helical Bar Helical Bar plc is a holding company operating in property investments and development. It falls under the realty sector. The company leases or owns land and properties for the purpose of trading and selling. The company booked profits of over GBP 7.65 million from a total revenue over 65.85 million. Cable and Wireless Communication It is a global telecom service provider that offers broadband, mobile, television, and fixed lines to customers. It falls under the entertainment sector. In October 2011 the company has sold its 50% interest to Mauritius based Telecom Company known as Vanuatu ltd. In the year 2012, it sold 49% stake to Fiji and formed an amalgamated ent ity known as Fintel. In April 2013, it announced the sale of majority stake to Monaco & Islands division. For the year ending 2012, the company suffered a net loss of GBP 55.49 million. Flybe Group It is UK based domestic airline company and it falls under aviation sector. As on 2012, the company reported to own 19 aircrafts but it suffered a net loss of GBP 22.30 million. Lazard UK Alpha Retail Inc Fund The fund does not charge any initial fee currently

Film Critique on the Movie Takers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Film Critique on the Movie Takers - Essay Example Takers is a film released in August 27, 2010, which details crime life today (Takers, 2010). It is directed by John Luessenhop and is adopted from a story and screenplay written by Luessenhop, Gabriel Casseus, Peter Allen, John Rogers, and Avery Duff (Dudley, 1984). The film is a narrative that follows up a gang of bank robbers who carry out spectacular robberies. One of their former crew member forces them into an elaborate heist, but the inside ring members contact is far from being trustworthy. In their grilled occupation, they have one job to accomplish, which seems to be more rewarding than any other. However, this turns out to be a death trap when they are pulled into this last mission by their recently paroled cohort T. I, but unfortunately they are encountered by a hardened detective (matt Dillon) and his counterpart Jay Hernandez (Matt, 2010). The detective wont rest until he gets the thieves and brings them to justice, and through out the film, his preparation brings a mix of good and bad as the viewer remains with blurred opinion on the two sides. Tanker is a film whose plot is linear, starting at a point where there is one member who is not with them. The member is Ghost (T.I), who was arrested and jailed in a previous robbery five years ago. Ghost is released, and he plots for a mission on their behalf. He persuades his gang members to undertake this mission, which is a $20 million dollar project, but they are intercepted by detectives (Scott, 2010). The mission fails, and the gang is defeated with Ghost being the last member to be gunned by detectives Welles and Gordon. As the movie ends, we are left to wonder whether Gordon or Welles survives the injuries they sustained in the gun ensue. There are many conflicts in this movie starting with the first created when Jesse meets with the rest of the crew at a hotel where they discuss the shooting of Detective Hatcher. During this meeting, Russian gangsters storm the meeting and try to shoot everyone p resents apart from Ghost. This is a conflict between characters where it turns out that ghost had decided to double cross his friends and cut a deal with the gangsters to kill the whole crew for the exchange of $10 million dollars (Scott, 2010). The formerly cold, but well calculated conflict between Ghost and his friends includes the Russian gangster and Ghost’s colleagues. This creates a conflict, but it is resolved when Jake kills the Russian. The second conflict is created when Jake and Jesse go home, and find that jakes girlfriend Lilly had been murdered and immediately they realize that police surrounded them. This is the last conflict where Ghost is out to double cross them and escape with the stolen money, and they embark on two missions: to rescue their money from their lead gangster Ghost and to escape the police attacks (Matt, 2010). This being the last hour and the highest point in the film, the police detectives are well prepared to resolve every other conflict b y terminating the gang ring and they succeeded. The main conflict is resolved when all members of the gang are killed and the detectives get hold of the stolen money. The two detectives in the film are symbolic of the forces of justice, which inhere in a society where crime is rife. The fact that they are only two out of the whole police force in the country symbolizes the mighty power of justice and good against big evil. Secondly, there is some ironic twists in the story when Ghost, the leader of the gang turns out

Cambridge Engineering Selector CES Computer Science Essay

Cambridge Engineering Selector CES Computer Science Essay In this particular assignment we are going to find the best material for a part of land-based gas turbine. For this research we are going to use the Cambridge Engineering Selector (CFS) software. We are going to find the manufacturing process. We are going to make a report by the help of CES software on eco-audit for the existing material and the material we choose. We have some information and data given by the company on the existing material. The component shows below is the part of the land-based gas turbine. j230comb Fig. 1 The part of land-based gas turbine It is made from Hastelloy X material which is a Nickel-Chromium-Iron-Molybdenum alloy. It has excellent strength and oxidation resistance. Its approximate chemical composition is Ni 47%, Cr 22%, Fe 18%, Mo 9%, and Co 1.5%. It has a good ductility thats why it can be forged and can be cold-worked. So this material is good for welding. The component has 0.75 m in diameter, 10 mm in thickness and 200 mm of depth. The component is on service for 10 years and need to be replaced. The component need to be operates on some require condition i.e. temperatures up to 800oC, good thermal shock and corrosion resistance. It should be capable of being manufactured by casting. By using the CES software we have to specify the manufacturing process. And if require we have to do coating to achieve the heat and corrosion resistance. We have some more data given which is Minimum Tensile Strength 300MPa, Has to operate above 550oC, Maximum thermal expansion 15 ÃŽ ¼ strain/o C, Minimum Yield Strength 300MPa. Cambridge Engineering Selector (CES) It is a software package which help designer to make decision over which materials and design process to use in the development of new equipment. We can use the CES software for general analysis and optimization applications by material universe data module. By the help of CES software we can design or redesign components with highest performance and lowest cost. CES software consists of three levels. Level 1 for Introductory-level students, providing introduction to the world of materials and processes and helping them to select the materials and processes with limited datasets of 67 materials and 75 processes. Level 2 for Intermediate-level students, providing the structured methodology for more materials and processes in the depth investigations with 98 materials and 107 processes with more information. Level 3 for Advanced/graduate students, providing the full materials and processes used in industry with added design notes with the vast selection of materials. In this particular level there are 3000 materials and more than 200 processes. CES software consists of the following main windows. C:UsersRANJANDesktopFINAL ASSIGNMENTHigh Temperature Materials and Applicationsphoto of cesmain windows of ces.jpg Fig. 2 CES main window Browse This window contains a list of the tables in the database and the classification tree for the selected table. Select This window is the central navigation point for selection projects, showing the selection settings, the project stages and the selection results. Search This window is used for text searches on records in the database. Graph Stage This window displays selection charts which show the relationships between attributes. Limit Stage This window is used to enter selection criteria as limits on individual attributes. Datasheet This window displays a list of attributes for individual records. There can be many of these on the screen at a time. As the requirement of the assignment, the company ask for the more efficient and economical material for the land-based gas turbine part. The part should be fulfilling the required properties and condition. For the particular material for the part of the land-based gas turbine, level three is reliable containing more than 3300 materials. In level three, by selection the select windows it will show the selection data. In selection data pane there is an option to select materials universe: all bulk materials. C:UsersRANJANDesktopFINAL ASSIGNMENTHigh Temperature Materials and Applicationsphoto of cesselestion atage all bulk materials.jpg Fig. 3 selection data pane (All bulk Materials) The selection Results contains a list of all of the records that have passed the selection stages. C:UsersRANJANDesktopFINAL ASSIGNMENTHigh Temperature Materials and Applicationsphoto of ces2945 materials.jpg Fig. 4 All bulk Materials Selection stage of CES 1. Selection with the TREE stage To create a new tree stage selects new tree stage from the select menu or the click the tree button. The tree stage properties will appear. For the project, the material for the part of land-based gas turbine should be metals and alloys, so insert it. C:UsersRANJANDesktopFINAL ASSIGNMENTHigh Temperature Materials and Applicationsphoto of cesfirst tree for metals and alloys.jpg Fig. 5 Tree stage (Metals and Alloys) In the Tree Stage window, for a single relationship, click the Show button. This opens the Cell Contents dialog, listing the names of records that fulfil the link selection criterion for the row. In the Cell Contents dialog, Click on a column heading to sort the list by record name C:UsersRANJANDesktopFINAL ASSIGNMENTHigh Temperature Materials and Applicationsphoto of ces1607 materials.jpg Fig. 6 All Metals and Alloys By applying the condition of metals and alloys in this tree stage, it will show only the metals and alloys from all universe materials. 2. Selection by limit stage To create a limit stage, select new limit stage from select menu or click the limit button in the selection stages pane of the select window. A limit stage window will appear, and the stage will be listed in the selection stages pane. C:UsersRANJANDesktopFINAL ASSIGNMENTHigh Temperature Materials and Applicationsphoto of cesfirst limit.jpg Fig. 7 Limit selection stage Before we going to apply all the limits, lets check the requirements of the company. The company wants the part should be operate up to 800oC, so the maximum service temperature should be 800oC and it also require that it should be operate above 550oC so the minimum service temperature should be 550oC. The tensile strength and yield strength should be minimum 300 MPa. The Maximum thermal expansion should be not more than 15 ÃŽ ¼strain/ oC. However, the tensile strength and yield strength are mechanical properties and service temperature and thermal expansion are thermal properties of the material. Tensile strength: maximum load that a material can support without fracture when being stretched, divided by the original cross-sectional area of the material. Yield strength: The stress at the yield point. And the stress needed to produce a specified amount of plastic deformation. Thermal expansion: Increase in volume of a material as its temperature is increased, usually expressed as a fractional change in dimensions per unit temperature change. When the material is a solid, thermal expansion is usually described in terms of change in length, height, or thickness. C:UsersRANJANDesktopFINAL ASSIGNMENTHigh Temperature Materials and Applicationsphoto of cesapply limit mechanical properties.jpg Fig. 8 Applying Yield strength and Tensile strength C:UsersRANJANDesktopFINAL ASSIGNMENTHigh Temperature Materials and Applicationsphoto of cesthermal limits.jpg Fig. 9 Applying service Temperature By applying the mechanical and thermal properties of material, it will show 171 materials which fulfil the conditions. C:UsersRANJANDesktopFINAL ASSIGNMENTHigh Temperature Materials and Applicationsphoto of ces171 materials.jpg Fig. 10 Metals and Alloys after applying mechanical and thermal properties Manufacturing process It is important to make the right manufacturing decisions early in the design process, before the cost-penalty of making changes becomes too high. The selection of the most appropriate manufacturing process of which there are a very large number is one such decision. Taking a broad view, a process is a method for shaping or finishing or joining a material (Esawi, 1997). The kingdom of processes contains broad families: casting, deformation, moulding, machining, compaction of powders, and such like. Each family contains many classes: casting contains sand-casting, die-casting, and investment casting, for instance. These in turn have many members: there are many variants of sand-casting, some specialized to give greater precision, others modified to allow exceptional size, and still others adapted to deal with specific materials. The land-based gas turbine should be capable of being manufactured by casting. By applying another tree stage for the manufacturing process in trees pane click on process universe and in shaping process, select the casting and insert it. C:UsersRANJANDesktopFINAL ASSIGNMENTHigh Temperature Materials and Applicationsphoto of cestree manufacturing process.jpg Fig. 11 Tree stage for manufacturing process After applying the casting limit to the materials selected, its eliminated all the materials which can be shaped by casting. There are only 67 materials left. C:UsersRANJANDesktopFINAL ASSIGNMENTHigh Temperature Materials and Applicationsphoto of ces67 materials after casting.jpg Fig. 12 Materials which can be shaped by casting As the company requirement the material should be half or less price than the original material. It is made of Hastelloy X material which is one the alloy of Ni-Cr alloy group. The Hastelloy X materials cost is 15.7- 17.3 GBP/kg. C:UsersRANJANDesktopFINAL ASSIGNMENTHigh Temperature Materials and Applicationsphoto of ceshastelloy x.jpg Fig. 13 Hastelloy X materials details By applying the graph for the price for the selected materials. The existing material price is 15.7- 17.3 GBP/kg and the requirement is the half and less than the existing price. By the help of the selection box its easy to eliminate the expensive materials from the graph. Selecting the materials from less than 9 GBP/kg by the help of selection box. C:UsersRANJANDesktopFINAL ASSIGNMENTHigh Temperature Materials and Applicationsphoto of cesprice graph.jpg Fig. 14 The bar chart of selected material with price After applying the condition of price, there are only 11 materials left. C:UsersRANJANDesktopFINAL ASSIGNMENTHigh Temperature Materials and Applicationsphoto of ces11 materials.jpg Fig. 15 Materials selected after the condition of price Esawi, A. M. K. and Ashby M. F., Computer-Based Selection of Manufacturing Processes, Cambridge University Engineering Dept Report, CUED/C-EDC/TR50, May 1997.

Walt Whitmans Influence on Germany :: Walt Whitman Germany Poetry Poets Essays

Walt Whitman's Influence on Germany Walt Whitman (1819-1892) is considered to be one of the greatest American poets of the nineteenth century. While Edgar Allan Poe may have been more widely read, Whitman had more international writers actively respond to him and his poetry than any other American poet. A century after his death, writers around the world are still in dialogue with him, pondering the questions he posed, arguing with him and elaborating on his insights. People have been attracted to Whitman for numerous reasons. For his time he was truly unconventional and introduced the modern lyric with his autobiographical collection of prose poems called Leaves of Grass. The impact Whitman has, however, exceeds technical innovation; it lies in his universal appeal. Walt Whitman is many things to many people. The poet once remarked about the various photographs of himself he used to come upon, "I meet new Walt Whitmans every day. There are a dozen of me afloat." Perhaps even more manifold than the physical images of the author are the ways in which he has been perceived. The purpose of this paper is to examine how Walt Whitman's poetry influenced Germany. How the poet was received, which aspects of Whitman's philosophy most attracted Germans, ultimately has to do with the Zeitgeist, the intellectual climate of the day. For numerous authors Whitman has primarily been a poet of democracy and political questions have often been at the center of the international responses to Whitman. While this aspect of his poetry has inspired people from states such as the former Soviet Union and China, it has not been the only theme to spellbind his admirers. Authors from India, for example, have been able to identify with Whitman on a spiritual plane, seeing in him a Hindu vision. Clearly the way in which people relate to the poet has much to do with what is essential and pertinent to their own lives. Whitman's Influence For Whitman's contemporaries the most obvious deviation from the norm was his prose style. Whitman does not submit his thoughts to metered rhyme, yet they are rhythmic, just not in the traditional sense of a stanza. His free verse forms have been likened to the ebb and flow of the ocean tides, which inspired him throughout his life. The innovation of Whitman's poetry, however, exceeds structure and pattern and those who have admired his poetry have also been intrigued by its content.

Propaganda speech Essay

?Homework. Why should we spend our afternoons slaving away doing work that no one wants to do, including the teachers. Teachers spend hours writing out the homework they want us to finish, and when we hand it in, they spend even more hours marking work when they would rather be doing something else, don’t lie teachers, I’ve heard you complain about marking hundreds of pieces of paper about the same exact thing, wouldn’t you rather spend your spare time with your friends and family, no, instead you have to mark other kids repetitive and most likely badly done homework. Homework puts unwanted stress on students, we panic for hours about whether or not we did do enough research, we worry about whether or not we did the homework how the teacher wanted, we sit and hope that we got that good grade our parents were pushing for. We students are forced to spend our afternoons slaving away in front of computers and books doing work that would be much easier and quicker done in class, when work is done in class we are more motivated to finish it, the teachers can hold over our heads the promise of leaving early, the promise of the last five minutes of class being free time, when we are at home there are many distractions such as television, TVs are in almost every teenagers room, providing quick relief from homework, what about the internet, it can be accessed almost anywhere, there is no more tempting distraction than the internet . And what example is being set for children, you go to school and do your work, and when you get home the work doesn’t stop, we aren’t allowing a balance that will assist student when they go out to the workforce. Students have other commitments that don’t include homework, just like the teachers. Some of them have after school activities such as part time work, driving lessons, plans with their friends, and many of them do after school sports, all of which are affected by homework. They get homework at school and realise that their plans are gone. They can’t go to that movie they had been planning on going to for days with their friends, they don’t have time to rest and relax when they get home from netball or tennis or soccer they have to finish their homework. Homework prevents socialisation that is necessary for the proper development of kids and teenagers. Homework can also be blamed for students staying inside all the time, if we have homework, we rush home to finish it, burning the daylight trying to finish so we have time to do something outside, but by the time we finish the mountains of homework, the sun is gone and all that is left to do is stay inside and eat and watch television, leading to the high numbers of childhood obesity. Nelson Mandela once said ‘after climbing a great hill, one only finds that there are many more hills to climb’. I think this famous quote applies to this situation, no matter how much homework we do or how well done it is, there is always more homework the next day, the next week, it never ends. The topic has been debated and debated, is homework really beneficial for school students, schools are already trialling the no homework idea, and it’s working, so should we have to toil away doing homework while they spend their days having fun, and my answer is NO, it needs to be removed from the school system is what I say, will you agree?

Hopi pottery essays

Hopi pottery essays Pottery is an essential part of the lives of the Hopi Indians in the Arizona region. They have dwelled in this region from about 1100 A.D and have created some excellent pottery since then. Although the same artistic techniques have been renewed in each pottery, the styles have changed within the years. In 450 A.D, the Moki, the Hopi word for the peaceful ones, developed the first attempts of pottery after meeting the Mogollon Indians. Thick-walled, gray, undecorated pottery began to appear within the Hopi community around 400 A.D to 700 A.D. Kana-a and Second Mesa were black on white pottery styles that emerged during the time period of 700 A.D to 1000 A.D. These consisted of geometric shapes, such as triangles, lines, bands, and scrolls. Soon three and four color polychrome pottery began to develop during the 1300s. The most praised era of the Hopi pottery is called the Sikyatki Polychrome; the following forms were the Payupki, Polacca, and San Bernardo polychrome styles. These consisted of black on red, black and red on white, red, and black on orange colors. Although colors of the pottery have changed, the shapes of these vessels have not evolved. Bowls, jars, are the two typical shapes of Hopi pottery. Others include vases, canteens, pitchers, plates, seed jars, and effigies . There are three basic forms also: equal width and height, tall and narrow, and short and wide. Most Hopi pottery have rims that are curved inward and are typically shallow. The circumference of the midpoint of the sides of the pottery is usually the largest. In history, it was the job of the Hopi women to make the pottery. It was seen as unmanly to work with clay to create bowls and jars. However, now in Hopi communities, men are also potters. The size of the pottery now are smaller than pottery of long ago. Pottery, the only artifacts left to tell the tale of the lives of the Hopi Indians of long ago also reflect the change ...

Chopin Essay essays

Chopin Essay essays Kate Chopin: A Pioneer of Early Feminist Thought Throughout the history of mankind, women have played a subservient role in society. It has only been very recently that womens rights have dramatically improved. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Kate Chopin wrote literature, which espoused radical and provocative ideas about womens role in society. Chopins work was groundbreaking and controversial. In The Story of an Hour, Chopin relates the negative consequences resulting from societys undermining nature toward women, to the dramatic death of Louise Mallard. At the time in which The Story of an Hour is set, women were considered to be possessions belonging to their husbands. Men were expected to be the bread winners of the family, while women were charged with domestic responsibilities. The accepted belief was that women, being the weaker sex, were constitutionally dependent on their husbands. Louise Mallard is used to microcosmically represent the women of the world. Louise is portrayed as being extremely frail and is plagued by some type of heart troubles. Chopin uses Louises character to convey societys view of women as being frail creatures. The truth is, that Louise breaks the mold of convention and realizes the beauty of freedom. Louise is an extraordinary character; despite societys constraints, she decides she will be free in life or in death. Josephine and Richards represent society and their behavior is representative of contemporary ideals. Richards assumes the mans role, in Mr. Mallards sudden absence. Richards feels that he must protect Louise from, Less tender friends (Chopin 244). Josephine is unable to directly address Brentlys death to Louise, Josephines words are, Veiled hints that revealed in half concealing (Chopin 244). Like Richards, Josephine f...

Active Shape Modelling compared to Hip Morphometry in the prediction Thesis

Active Shape Modelling compared to Hip Morphometry in the prediction of Hip fracture - Thesis Example It involves pain, stiffness and and swelling and most commonly effects knee, hips and hand (Lawrence et al., 2008). Despite being one of the oldest known diesases, the etiology of the disease is still obscure. Earlier believed to be a disease of the articular cartilage of the synovial joint of the effected tissue, it has now been proposed that generalized OA is a systemic musculoskeletal disorder with a metabolic component (Aspden, 2008), changes in other tissues being secondary; subchondral bone responding to abnormal biomechanics and other tissues to secondary inflammation and enforced inactivity. Hip is one of the weight bearing joints and is at heavy risk of wear and tear. In aged people it is at a high risk of fracture due to decline in the structural strength of bone tissues of the proximal femoral ends resulting from osteoclastic and osteocytic resorption (Chai et al., 1998). Study of association of OA and fracture has suggested increased risk of fracture in individuals with hip OA is mostly likely due to mechanical and locomotor factors (Arden et al., 1996). Aging again is the most consistent risk factor for OA in both men and women effecting the composition and structure of cartilage (Arokoski et al., 2007), the other major risk factors for the OA of the hip are physical loading related to heavy manual work and permanent damage as result of any musculoskeletal injury (Juhakoski et al., 2009), while obesity seems to have a moderate positive association with hip OA (Liu et al., 2007). In cases of hip joint damage due to either of these factors total hip replacement (THR) is an option wherein the diseased cartilage and bone of the joint is replaced by artificial material. However there are risks factors in THR such as deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, infection, hip dislocation, hip implant loosening, nerve injury etc. To study the various aspects of OA, osteoporosis, fractures etc, a retrospective case-control study was

Patient case study with chief complaint cough Essay

Patient case study with chief complaint cough - Essay Example FAMILY HISTORY: Mother died at 84y/o (h/o HTN, Cataracts, RA, HF, Endometriosis), Father unknown age of death (h/o HF, HTN), Sister died at 48y/o from MI (h/o HTN, HF, smoker), Sister died at 54y/0 from HF (h/o HTN, HLD, HF, COPD, smoker), Brother died at 60y/o from lung CA (h/o HTN, Lung CA, smoker), Youngest Sister (h/o HTN). SOCIAL HISTORY: Ms. Simmons was married for 5yrs, divorced for 22yrs, lives home with 36y/o daughter. Completed high school, 3 daughters, 2 grandchildren, and works 40 hours per week. Active in church, attends twice a week and street witness (door to door) Jehovah witness, refuses blood transfusions. Has health insurance at current job. Reports single, last sexual intercourse 22yrs ago, practicing celibacy, heterosexual. Likes to go out to dinner with family and friends, reading, and watching movies. NUTRITION: (24 hour recall) Breakfast (today)-2donuts and white milk, Dinner-chicken salad sandwich, slice of cake, coke cola, Lunch-Chinese chicken w/egg roll, coke cola, 1 bottle water, Snack-chicken salad croissant, 1 decaf coffee, Breakfast (yesterday)-McDonald’s hash brown, sausage biscuit, orange juice. General: Ms. Simmons has pleasant mood, sitting in chair w/arms folded in front of body, AAOx3, NAD noted, no c/o pain at present. She is dressed appropriately, w/good hygiene, well developed, and well

Professional Organizational Communication Vision Statement Essay

Professional Organizational Communication Vision Statement - Essay Example Belasen (2000) observes that whereas organizations should have a form of leadership to steer them towards achievement of their goals, this leadership could not necessarily be that obvious in some organizations. With an organization focused on attaining a specific goal, coordination plays a critical role. As such, communication forms the basis of the successful existence of an organization. Therefore, more and more organizations appreciate the importance of communication, especially where production process depend largely on teamwork and collaboration among workers from different functional groups (Belasen, 2000; King, 2009). The change in communication technologies has resulted in transformation of both organizational and work structures, making communication technologies and practices important in organizations. Figure 1 graphically portrays our organizational communication concept. Message would originate from the sender and channeled through the appropriate channel to the recipient, with various factors interfering with the communication, referred to as noise in the graphical representation. Communication is a complex and multifaceted concept in any organization. From the graphical representation of our organization’s communication concept, it would be appreciated that other than the sender and receiver of the message, the environment, the source of noise, also plays a role together with the channels. This appreciates the role of social context and structure of an organization with regards to how it influences communication. According to Downs and Adrian (2004), communication should be considered as a continuous and dynamic process. Furthermore, having analyzed various literature sources, these scholars appreciate communication as a process. This idea of process indicates the interaction of various components whose outcomes would be determined by unspecific consequences. Moreover, Hatala

Narcissism Essay Essay Example for Free

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Personal Reflection on Learning and Development

Personal Reflection on Learning and Development Within this assignment I will demonstrate the knowledge gained in my practice since starting my post qualifying degree and consider my future learning and development. This training has been about gaining or updating knowledge, but I have also gained further insight into how I work as a practising social worker, I would agree to Gillian Ruchs (lecture notes, February 2008) comments about taking care of yourself quoting Simmonds, le Riche and Tanner that: Knowledge of others cannot be acquired without knowledge of oneself. Knowledge of others cannot be substituted for knowledge of oneself. Knowledge of oneself cannot be acquired without a relationship with others. (Simmonds, in le Riche and Tanner 1998:96) Focus on the Child Assignment on Observation of child in Nursery or play group: For this unit I had to observe a child between the ages of 0-5 years. I had mixed emotions and anxieties. The anxiety was about visiting a place I had very little knowledge of, what would I be observing? What would the young person I was observing be like? Was I competent enough? This helped me to reflect on my own anxieties when visiting children in need in their homes. It has been an important learning experience to understand the impact of my presence that might have on children and their families. The challenge was to observe a child without any specific reasons or concerns with regards to that child. Therefore observing a child without any professional skills of communicating and engaging children, raised the question: How can a professional give up the sense of being in control and become a student again, lay down ones tools and simply be open to what is happening? (Segal 2002-3, p16). Reflecting on this activity I realised the danger in my actual practice. All of us have our own preconceptions, our particular mind sets and prejudices. We have a tendency to see what we are looking for and to look for only what we want to know about. Rarely do we take time to stop and watch intently. These observations sessions offered me with the opportunity to develop ability to remain detached, to suspend judgements and refrain from participation. Assignment on ADHD: I was able to consider current research and ways of supporting children with ADHD and their families. Throughout my research for this assignment I found little evidence that socioeconomic and environmental factors caused ADHD, I also found little evidence that poor parenting or a hectic home life caused ADHD. There are different approaches to treatment of ADHD such as Medical approach and Behavioural modification approach. To date it is unknown what actually causes this condition, which is arguable and so makes it much more difficult in treating ADHD. In addition to this some of the researches suggest that the medications for ADHD can cause potentially harmful side effects and does not treat the cause of Attention Deficit Disorder. I am aware that most doctors would argue that the medication used is safe and beneficial. However in my opinion it is important to recognise that ADHD is a disorder that is managed and not cured. Therefore it is essential for all agencies to work together: medically, socially and educationally, with a common understanding of the whole approach for treatmen t. Behaviour management techniques take time and great patience on everybodys part. But the techniques have been shown to be very effective. In my experience the importance is given to curative rather than preventive measures. I am of the opinion that children with ADHD should get a package of treatments involving the medicines which are closely monitored by doctors and parental involvement with other agencies support for them to manage the childrens behaviour with setting appropriate boundaries. Practice in Partnership with Children, Young People, Their Families and Carers This piece of work highlighted the importance of working in partnership with professionals as well as families to get the best possible outcome for the children. For this particular assignment I tried to reflect on my own understanding about working in partnerships whilst working with the family. Family Rights Group suggests a definition of partnership, Partnership is for each other, rights to information, accountability, competence and values accorded to each individual input. In short, each partner is seen as having something to contribute, power is shared, decisions are made jointly and roles are not only represented but backed by legal and moral rights. (Family Rights Group, 1991). Childrens safety and welfare should be paramount. A learning curve for me was the understanding of importance of self awareness and how this helps to promote the service users best interests (Ruch 2005). It was crucial to consider theories of attachment, child centred services and task centred approach, whilst working with the family to achieve best outcome for the family. It is important to be mindful to practice in an anti oppressive and anti discriminatory way at all times. It was enriching experience to recognise the importance of doing assessment with the families and not on the families a ddressing power imbalance between professionals and service users. Participation, partnerships and networks Research Report This unit gave me opportunity to study thoroughly on one specific subject. As a practitioner working in a very busy front line team it is always hard to go back to become student to learn and unlearn. I was always interested in gaining in depth knowledge in the area of unaccompanied asylum seekers. This study answers the question, Can Collaborative Practices be developed to enhance the services for Looked after Children with specific reference to Unaccompanied Asylum Seeker Children [UASC]. Collaborative working is often used to refer to the process of working together with other professions (Quinney 2006: 10; Balloch and Taylor 2001) with Whittington (2003) defining it as partnership in action (Whittington 2003:16). This area was chosen due to the authors experience of working in a front line team where such examples of working collaboratively with professionals when dealing with UASC are prevalent, and strategies for improved collaboration are always needed. Home office reports that there are approximately 360 children are trafficked into and within the UK each year. Therefore it is therefore necessary when considering what strategies need to be developed to address these shortcomings and to build on pieces of practice that supports all the professionals including fosters carers and social workers to ensure the children are protected. The study also raises flaws in training to both carers and social workers with regards to current legislation and policies to be practiced. Lack of understanding of such important information may result in ineffective responses to identify the risk factors and react efficiently towards it. This study gave me opportunity to acquire conceptual understanding and recommendations for my future interventions with such vulnerable group of children. Innovative Regulatory Practice Group Presentation This particular unit turned out really very hard due to many reasons. The members of my group were from same place and I was not in the same area. Initially there were difficulties of distance and co ordination and I started feeling left out. However with confrontation and with the help from tutors we managed to come up with a good plan of actions and the presentation was prepared as a group activity. I was able to reflect on my style, creativity and interpersonal skills and used them all to be creative in the presentation. I enjoyed researching a topic that I needed further knowledge of: the subject of Trafficked children, which has proved very useful in my work for me and colleagues. On reflection it has shown me how research and knowledge can be effectively used and strategies can employed in working with people to change things together and develop new ways of working which improve practice, knowledge and skills. This very much linked with my Research topic and gained further kno wledge in subject matter. Enabling Others Taking a role as work based supervisor for a final year student for their 6 months Placement in the team This unit enabled me to reflect on my own practices and support a student in placement. I am aware that people work and learn differently and have different needs. I have learnt the importance of balancing and developing my own theorist and reflector styles of learning which has been facilitated by my post graduate training. It has been valuable to understand my own position to be able to recognise and consider other peoples perspectives in my styles of learning. This analysis enabled me to use different approaches and strategies to help students and others to learn and develop. I am more confident to enable others in the work place. I am able to use the theoretical knowledge gained from the course and practical experiences to enable my student to acquire the same. Aims for the Future As social workers we are tasked with making judgments and decisions about individuals lives on a daily basis it is therefore essential that analysis and reflection take place to ensure that those decisions are the right ones. To do this job effectively requires self-knowledge, support and professional competence at the very least. The nature of the training, ongoing supervision and consultation that are required is something that needs urgent attention at many levels (Rustin 2005, p19 in Ruch, 2008). The knowledge gained in completing my post qualifying degree will enable me to incorporate critical reflection into my everyday work practice with service users, student social workers and other professionals across agencies. As usual, social workers are seen to be the reasons why children die when incidents happen. There is a great responsibility on everyone to try to change our culture of blame and help develop personal responsibility and sense of community. Having a more thorough knowledge of the process of change, everyone is different and has different views, enables me to work in such an environment. The course has provided an opportunity to be challenged, learn new things and make sure that I continue to do so.